📘 Chapter Contents
1. Classroom Explanation
Narration changes a sentence from Direct Speech (exact words in quotes) to Indirect/Reported Speech. This is a regularly asked topic in NDA grammar and error-spotting.
हिंदी: Direct Speech = बोलने वाले के exact शब्द, Indirect Speech = अर्थ वही, शब्द बदले हुए।
2. Basic Structure
- Direct: He said, "I am busy."
- Indirect: He said that he was busy.
हिंदी: Comma और inverted commas हटाकर “that” लगाते हैं, pronoun और tense बदलते हैं।
3. Tense Change Rules (Backshift)
- Simple Present → Simple Past (He said, "I go" → He said that he went.)
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- Simple Past → Past Perfect
- Will → Would, Can → Could, May → Might
हिंदी: Reporting verb (said, told) past में हो तो अंदर वाला tense भी एक step पीछे चला जाता है।
4. Pronoun Change
- I → he/she (as per subject)
- We → they
- You → I/we/they (as per context)
हिंदी: Pronoun बदलते समय यह देखते हैं कि किसने बोला और किससे बोला।
5. Time & Place Word Change
- now → then
- today → that day
- yesterday → the previous day
- tomorrow → the next day
- here → there
6. Solved Examples
Example 1:
Direct: He said, "I am tired."
Direct: He said, "I am tired."
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
हिंदी: am → was, I → he
हिंदी: am → was, I → he
Example 2:
Direct: She said, "I will come tomorrow."
Direct: She said, "I will come tomorrow."
Indirect: She said that she would come the next day.
हिंदी: will → would, tomorrow → the next day
हिंदी: will → would, tomorrow → the next day
Example 3 (Question):
Direct: He said to me, "Do you like tea?"
Direct: He said to me, "Do you like tea?"
Indirect: He asked me if I liked tea.
हिंदी: said to → asked, question में if/whether लगाते हैं
हिंदी: said to → asked, question में if/whether लगाते हैं
7. Practice Questions
Convert into Indirect Speech:
1. He said, "I play football every day."
2. She said, "I have finished my work."
3. They said, "We went to Delhi yesterday."
4. He said to her, "Will you help me?"
5. She said, "I can solve this problem."
1. He said, "I play football every day."
2. She said, "I have finished my work."
3. They said, "We went to Delhi yesterday."
4. He said to her, "Will you help me?"
5. She said, "I can solve this problem."
Answers
1. He said that he played football every day.
2. She said that she had finished her work.
3. They said that they had gone to Delhi the previous day.
4. He asked her if she would help him.
5. She said that she could solve that problem.
2. She said that she had finished her work.
3. They said that they had gone to Delhi the previous day.
4. He asked her if she would help him.
5. She said that she could solve that problem.
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।