1. What are Fundamental Duties?
Fundamental Duties are moral obligations of all citizens of India towards the nation.
They are mentioned in Part IVA of the Constitution (Article 51A).
Important points:
Important points:
- They remind citizens that rights and duties go together.
- They apply only to citizens, not to foreigners.
- They are not directly enforceable by courts, but Parliament can make laws to enforce them.
हिंदी: Fundamental Duties = नागरिकों के कर्तव्य
अधिकार माँगने से पहले – देश के प्रति हमारी जिम्मेदारियाँ भी हैं, यह याद दिलाने के लिए ये जोड़े गए।
2. How and When Were Fundamental Duties Added?
- Originally, the Constitution did not contain Fundamental Duties.
- They were added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
- At that time, 10 duties were added.
- Later, the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added one more duty (re: education of children).
- So, currently there are 11 Fundamental Duties.
हिंदी:
42nd Amendment (1976) → शुरू में 10 कर्तव्य
86th Amendment (2002) → 1 नया कर्तव्य (बच्चों की शिक्षा)
आज कुल = 11 Fundamental Duties
3. List of Fundamental Duties (Simple & Exam-Oriented)
Every citizen of India shall:
- Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
- Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
- Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
- Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
- Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
- Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
- Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
- Develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
- Safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
- Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
- (Added by 86th Amendment) – Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of 6 and 14 years.
हिंदी Short Idea:
संक्षेप में – संविधान का सम्मान, देश की एकता–अखंडता की रक्षा, सेना व देश की सेवा,
सौहार्द, महिलाओं का सम्मान, संस्कृति की रक्षा, पर्यावरण की रक्षा,
वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण, सार्वजनिक संपत्ति की सुरक्षा, ahimsa, और बच्चों की शिक्षा।
4. Nature of Fundamental Duties
- They are like a moral code of conduct for citizens.
- They are non-justiciable – you cannot directly go to court to enforce them.
- However, the State can make laws based on these duties (e.g., laws to protect the environment, prevent desecration of national symbols, etc.).
- Courts may use them to interpret laws and judge the behaviour expected from citizens.
हिंदी: Court सीधे इनको लागू नहीं करेगी,
लेकिन अगर सरकार कोई कानून बनाए और वह Fundamental Duties से जुड़ा हो,
तो Court उसे support भी कर सकती है।
5. Why are Fundamental Duties Important?
- They balance rights and responsibilities.
- They help in promoting discipline and commitment among citizens.
- They encourage citizens to think about nation-building, not just personal gain.
- They strengthen national unity, environmental protection, and social harmony.
हिंदी: अगर सभी नागरिक अपने कर्तव्य seriously लें –
तो देश में कानून, अनुशासन, पर्यावरण और आपसी भाईचारा सब मजबूत होगा।
6. Fundamental Rights vs Fundamental Duties (Quick View)
| Fundamental Rights | Fundamental Duties |
|---|---|
| Part III (Arts. 12–35) | Part IVA (Art. 51A) |
| Guarantees freedom to citizens | Reminds citizens of their obligations |
| Justiciable (enforceable by courts) | Non-justiciable (generally not enforceable directly) |
| Can be suspended in Emergency (except Art. 20, 21) | No concept of suspension; they are always expected |
हिंदी Summary:
Rights माँगते हैं, Duties निभाते हैं – दोनों साथ–साथ चलने चाहिएँ।
📘 Practice Questions (NDA Style)
1. Fundamental Duties are mentioned in which Part of the Constitution?
a) Part III b) Part IV c) Part IVA d) Part V
2. Fundamental Duties were added by which Constitutional Amendment?
a) 24th b) 42nd c) 44th d) 52nd
3. How many Fundamental Duties are there at present?
a) 7 b) 9 c) 10 d) 11
4. The duty to provide opportunities for education to children (6–14 years) was added by:
a) 42nd Amendment b) 44th Amendment c) 86th Amendment d) 61st Amendment
5. Fundamental Duties are:
a) Enforceable by law in every case
b) Non-justiciable but Parliament can make laws to enforce them
c) Only for government employees
d) Applicable to foreigners only
a) Part III b) Part IV c) Part IVA d) Part V
2. Fundamental Duties were added by which Constitutional Amendment?
a) 24th b) 42nd c) 44th d) 52nd
3. How many Fundamental Duties are there at present?
a) 7 b) 9 c) 10 d) 11
4. The duty to provide opportunities for education to children (6–14 years) was added by:
a) 42nd Amendment b) 44th Amendment c) 86th Amendment d) 61st Amendment
5. Fundamental Duties are:
a) Enforceable by law in every case
b) Non-justiciable but Parliament can make laws to enforce them
c) Only for government employees
d) Applicable to foreigners only
Answers:
1 – c) Part IVA
2 – b) 42nd
3 – d) 11
4 – c) 86th Amendment
5 – b) Non-justiciable but Parliament can make laws to enforce them
1 – c) Part IVA
2 – b) 42nd
3 – d) 11
4 – c) 86th Amendment
5 – b) Non-justiciable but Parliament can make laws to enforce them
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।