📜 Chapter Contents
Read all sections below in order. Practice questions at the end.
1. Vedic Age (Early & Later)
- Early Vedic (Rig‑Vedic) – c. 1500–1000 BCE, source: Rigveda.
- Later Vedic – c. 1000–600 BCE, shift to Ganga valley, bigger kingdoms.
हिंदी: Rigvedic काल में आर्य मुख्यतः पशुपालक थे; Later Vedic में खेती और स्थायी बस्तियाँ बढ़ीं।
2. 16 Mahajanapadas
By 6th century BCE, many big states called Mahajanapadas emerged. Important ones: Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti.
Magadha later became the strongest.
3. Republics (Gana‑Sanghas)
Some states were monarchies, others were republics. Vajji (capital Vaishali) is a famous example of republican polity.
4. Practice Questions
1. Chief source of Early Vedic history is:
a) Samaveda b) Rigveda c) Atharvaveda d) Yajurveda
2. Vaishali was the capital of:
a) Magadha b) Kosala c) Vajji d) Avanti
a) Samaveda b) Rigveda c) Atharvaveda d) Yajurveda
2. Vaishali was the capital of:
a) Magadha b) Kosala c) Vajji d) Avanti
Answers: 1 – b) Rigveda, 2 – c) Vajji
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।