📜 Chapter Contents
Read all sections below in order. Practice questions at the end.
1. Introduction
Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappan Civilisation) flourished around 2600–1900 BCE in north‑western India and Pakistan.
It is known for town‑planning, drainage and baked‑brick houses.
हिंदी: यह भारत की पहली बड़ी शहरी सभ्यता मानी जाती है – पक्के मकान, नालियाँ और सुव्यवस्थित बसाहट इसकी पहचान है।
2. Important Sites
- Harappa – in present Pakistan (Punjab).
- Mohenjo‑daro – Sindh (Pakistan), Great Bath.
- Lothal – Gujarat, dockyard.
- Kalibangan – Rajasthan, fire‑altars.
- Dholavira – Kutch (Gujarat).
- Rakhigarhi – Haryana.
3. Town Planning & Life
- Grid‑pattern roads, right‑angle crossings.
- Covered drainage system connected to houses.
- Citadel and lower town.
- Occupations: agriculture, trade, crafts (beads, pottery, metal).
4. Religion (from archaeological clues)
- Mother Goddess and proto‑Shiva (Pashupati type) on seals.
- Tree and animal worship.
- No clear evidence of big temples.
5. Practice Questions
1. The Great Bath belongs to which site?
a) Harappa b) Mohenjo‑daro c) Lothal d) Kalibangan
2. The dockyard evidence is found at:
a) Rakhigarhi b) Harappa c) Lothal d) Dholavira
a) Harappa b) Mohenjo‑daro c) Lothal d) Kalibangan
2. The dockyard evidence is found at:
a) Rakhigarhi b) Harappa c) Lothal d) Dholavira
Answers: 1 – b) Mohenjo‑daro, 2 – c) Lothal
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।