1. Health & Balanced Diet
Health: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Balanced diet: diet that contains all nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water & fibre) in proper proportion.
हिंदी: Balanced diet = ऐसा भोजन जिसमें शरीर के लिए ज़रूरी सभी पोषक तत्व सही मात्रा में हों।
2. Diseases – Infectious & Non-infectious
Infectious (communicable) diseases: spread from person to person, usually due to germs (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa).
Examples:
- Typhoid, cholera – bacteria
- Influenza, measles – virus
- Malaria – protozoa (Plasmodium, spread by female Anopheles mosquito)
3. Epidemics (UPSC word)
Epidemic: disease that spreads rapidly and affects a large number of people in a particular area at the same time.
Prevention: vaccination, clean water, sanitation, hygiene, public health measures.
4. Vaccines & Immunisation
Vaccine: preparation containing weakened or killed germs;
stimulates the body to produce antibodies and develop immunity.
Immunisation: process of protecting a person from disease by giving vaccines.
Immunisation: process of protecting a person from disease by giving vaccines.
हिंदी: Vaccine = रोग पैदा करने वाले जीवाणु/virus का कमजोर रूप,
जिससे शरीर “सीख” जाता है कि असली infection से कैसे लड़ना है।
5. Solar System – Basic NDA Facts
- Solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, asteroids, comets, meteors etc.
- Planets (from Sun outward): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
- Earth is the only known planet with life and liquid water on surface.
- Asteroids: small rocky bodies, mainly between Mars and Jupiter.
- Comets: icy bodies that develop tail when near Sun.
- Meteors: small rocky particles; when they burn in Earth’s atmosphere → shooting stars.
- Eclipse: when one heavenly body comes in the shadow of another.
6. Eminent Scientists (concept level)
Some commonly asked names (for awareness):
- Isaac Newton – laws of motion & gravitation.
- Albert Einstein – theory of relativity.
- C.V. Raman – Raman effect (Nobel prize).
- Marie Curie – work on radioactivity.
- Louis Pasteur – germ theory, vaccines.
📘 Practice Questions (NDA Style)
1. Balanced diet contains:
a) Only carbohydrates and fats
b) All nutrients in proper proportion
c) Only proteins
d) Only vitamins
2. Malaria is caused by:
a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Protozoa
d) Fungus
3. Vaccination helps in:
a) Killing all germs immediately
b) Developing immunity
c) Increasing blood pressure
d) Increasing weight
4. An epidemic is:
a) Disease present all the time in small number
b) Disease that suddenly spreads and affects many people
c) Disease that occurs in animals only
d) Disease that never spreads
5. Comets are:
a) Stars
b) Planets
c) Icy bodies revolving around Sun
d) Satellites
6. Which scientist is associated with laws of motion?
a) Einstein
b) Newton
c) Pasteur
d) Raman
a) Only carbohydrates and fats
b) All nutrients in proper proportion
c) Only proteins
d) Only vitamins
2. Malaria is caused by:
a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Protozoa
d) Fungus
3. Vaccination helps in:
a) Killing all germs immediately
b) Developing immunity
c) Increasing blood pressure
d) Increasing weight
4. An epidemic is:
a) Disease present all the time in small number
b) Disease that suddenly spreads and affects many people
c) Disease that occurs in animals only
d) Disease that never spreads
5. Comets are:
a) Stars
b) Planets
c) Icy bodies revolving around Sun
d) Satellites
6. Which scientist is associated with laws of motion?
a) Einstein
b) Newton
c) Pasteur
d) Raman
Answers:
1 – b
2 – c
3 – b
4 – b
5 – c
6 – b
1 – b
2 – c
3 – b
4 – b
5 – c
6 – b
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।