1. Structure of Parliament
The Parliament of India consists of:
- President
- Lok Sabha (House of the People)
- Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
हिंदी: Parliament = President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha
तीनों मिलकर Central law बनाते हैं।
2. Lok Sabha (House of the People)
- Members directly elected by the people of India.
- Maximum strength: 552
- 530 – States
- 20 – Union Territories
- 2 – Anglo Indians (Nomination abolished in 2020)
- Current maximum functional strength: 550
- Term: 5 years (can be dissolved earlier).
- Presiding Officer: Speaker.
हिंदी: Lok Sabha = सीधे जनता द्वारा चुने गए MP.
Term = 5 साल. Speaker इसका leader होता है।
2.1 Powers of Lok Sabha
- Money Bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha.
- Controls the Council of Ministers (No-confidence motion).
- More powerful in financial matters.
- Participates in law-making.
- Elects Speaker & Deputy Speaker.
हिंदी: Money Bill सिर्फ Lok Sabha में बनता है।
सरकार को गिराने का अधिकार केवल लोकसभा के पास है।
3. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
- Upper House / Permanent House – never dissolved.
- 1/3 members retire every 2 years.
- Maximum membership: 250
- 238 – States & UTs
- 12 – Nominated by President (art, literature, science, social service)
- Presiding Officer: Vice-President of India (ex-officio Chairman).
हिंदी: Rajya Sabha कभी भंग नहीं होती – यह स्थायी सदन है।
हर 2 साल में 1/3 सदस्य रिटायर होते हैं।
3.1 Powers of Rajya Sabha
- Participates in law-making.
- Cannot be dissolved.
- Equal powers as Lok Sabha in ordinary bills.
- Special power:
- If it passes a resolution (2/3 majority), Parliament can make law on State List subjects (Art. 249).
- Approves proclamation of Emergency.
हिंदी: Rajya Sabha को special power = State List पर कानून बनाने की अनुमति देना (Art 249)।
4. Difference Between Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha
| Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha |
|---|---|
| Lower House | Upper House |
| Directly elected by people | Indirectly elected (MLAs + Nominated) |
| 5-year term | Permanent House |
| Money Bill powers are exclusive | Limited role in Money Bill |
| Controls Government | No such control |
हिंदी Summary:
Lok Sabha = अधिक शक्तिशाली (Money Bill + Government control)
लेकिन Rajya Sabha = स्थायी सदन और Federal संरचना का प्रतीक।
5. Sessions of Parliament
The President summons Parliament.
Minimum **two sessions must not be more than 6 months apart**.
Main sessions:
Main sessions:
- Budget Session
- Monsoon Session
- Winter Session
हिंदी: संसद साल में 3 बार मिलती है। दो सत्रों के बीच 6 महीने से ज़्यादा gap नहीं हो सकता।
6. Law-Making Process (How a Bill Becomes an Act)
Ordinary Bill:
- First House: 3 readings → passes bill
- Second House: 3 readings → passes bill
- President → Assent
- Bill becomes an Act
- Only introduced in Lok Sabha
- Rajya Sabha can only give suggestions within 14 days
- Lok Sabha can accept or reject suggestions
- President → Assent
- Cannot be introduced in State Assemblies
- Requires special majority in both Houses
- President → Mandatory assent
हिंदी: Money Bill = Lok Sabha का control
Ordinary Bill = दोनों Houses
Amendment Bill = Special majority (दोनों Houses)।
7. Parliamentary Powers (NDA Focus)
- Law-making
- Financial control
- Constitutional amendments
- Discussion & criticism of government policies
- Approval of Emergency proclamations
- Representation of people
हिंदी: Parliament = कानून बनाना + पैसे का नियंत्रण + सरकार की जाँच।
📘 Practice Questions (NDA Style)
1. Parliament of India consists of:
a) Lok Sabha b) Rajya Sabha c) President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha d) President + PM
2. Rajya Sabha is a:
a) Temporary House b) Permanent House c) Lower House d) Money House
3. Who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?
a) Vice-President b) President c) Speaker d) Attorney General
4. Money Bill can be introduced only in:
a) Rajya Sabha b) Lok Sabha c) State Legislature d) Either House
5. Which Article allows Rajya Sabha to enable Parliament to make laws on State List subjects?
a) Art 249 b) Art 352 c) Art 356 d) Art 360
a) Lok Sabha b) Rajya Sabha c) President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha d) President + PM
2. Rajya Sabha is a:
a) Temporary House b) Permanent House c) Lower House d) Money House
3. Who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?
a) Vice-President b) President c) Speaker d) Attorney General
4. Money Bill can be introduced only in:
a) Rajya Sabha b) Lok Sabha c) State Legislature d) Either House
5. Which Article allows Rajya Sabha to enable Parliament to make laws on State List subjects?
a) Art 249 b) Art 352 c) Art 356 d) Art 360
Answers:
1 – c) President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha
2 – b) Permanent House
3 – c) Speaker
4 – b) Lok Sabha
5 – a) Art 249
1 – c) President + Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha
2 – b) Permanent House
3 – c) Speaker
4 – b) Lok Sabha
5 – a) Art 249
Quick Recap | सार
Now you should be able to:
- Recall the most important ideas of this topic.
- Solve typical NDA-style questions from this chapter.
- Spot and avoid common traps used in competitive exams.
Self-check: 3–4 random questions उठा कर देखिए – अगर आसानी से हो रहे हैं, तो chapter strong है।
Common Exam Mistakes | आम गलतियाँ
- Concept ठीक से clear न करना और सीधे रटने की कोशिश करना।
- Question पूरी तरह पढ़े बिना answer mark कर देना।
- Figures, dates, या formulas को last step में verify न करना।
NDA में smart strategy यह है कि आसान वाले सवाल पहले, doubtful बाद में – और silly mistakes से बचना सबसे ज़रूरी है।